Introducing Structural Geology      In fact, structural geology is a very interesting branch of the earth sciences that deals with physical forces playing out in the building of the crust of our planet. Structural geology makes evident the dynamic forces that have acted on the Earth itself throughout millions of years-from the complex folds in ancient rocks to those proud peaks. Journey through Time: Historical Background Sketch by Leonardo da Vinci showing details of folded strata in the mountains of Italy (ca. 1500 AD)      Discovery concerning structural geology is so much improved over years. From his observations of rock layers, Nicholas Steno noted as early as the 17th century that they were not always horizontal, conferring the revelation that these rocks had deformed. This was revolutionary and laid the foundation for the future work in geological exploration.      In the 19th century, G.P. Scrope suggested that mountains had been pro...

Hydrogeology Part – 2   Darcy’s law and hydraulic conductivity           Water contained within the interconnected voids of soils and rocks is capable of moving, and the ability of a rock to store and transmit water constitutes its hydraulic properties.      The laws that govern the behaviour of groundwater flow in saturated material is that formulated empirically by the French municipal engineer for Dijon, Henry Darcy, in 1856.      Darcy studied the flow of water through porous material contained in a column and found that the      T otal flow - Q, is proportional - difference in water level, h1 − h2, the cross-sectional area of flow, A, and inversely proportional to the column length, L. proportionality constant - K      where dh/dl represents the hydraulic gradient, with the negative sign indicating flow in the direction of decreasing hydraulic head. Limitations:      D...

 Hydrogeology Part – 2  Vertical distribution of Ground water Zone of aeration  Consists of interstices occupied partially by water and partially by air. Sub divided into the soil water zone, the intermediate vadose zone, and the capillary zone Zone of saturation        All interstices are filled with water under hydrostatic pressure. The saturated zone extends from the upper surface of saturation down to underlying impermeable rock. phreatic surface - is defined as the surface of atmospheric pressure and appears as the level at which water stands in a well penetrating the aquifer.      Saturation extends slightly above the water table due to capillary attraction; however, water is held there at less than atmospheric pressure. Water occurring in the zone of saturation is in commonly referred to simply as groundwater, but the term phreatic water is also employed. Types of Aquifers      Aquifers may be classed as unconfined ...

 Hydrogeology Part – 1  Hydrogeology      Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater – it is sometimes referred to as geohydrology or groundwater hydrology. Hydrogeology deals with how water gets into the ground (recharge), how it flows in the subsurface (through aquifers) and how groundwater interacts with the surrounding soil and rock (the geology). (ref: International Association of Hydrogeologists)      Hydrology is a branch of Earth Science. The importance of hydrology in the assessment, development, utilization and management of the water resources, of any region is being increasingly realized at all levels JeanBaptiste Lamarck        The term hydrogeology (hydrogéologie in French) was first created by the French biologist and naturalist JeanBaptiste Lamarck in 1802 in a publication with the same name published in Paris by the Museum of Natural History (Lamarck, 1802).   The Water cycle Juvenile water is “new” water th...

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   An enlightening passage of discovery of the Dynamic Earth A Look at Continental Drift Theory and Its Flaws Hypothesis about continental drift put forward by the distinguished scholar Alfred Wegener was the memorable concept that declared the immovable character of the Earth’s continents. According to Wegener’s theory there was movement in the later of the continents and therefore the formation of some and the breaking up of others. Nonetheless, Wegener’s theory came under criticism compelling the scientific community to look for the mechanism driving this movement. The scientific community of that time could not comprehend the forces that can lead to such gigantic movements of the earth’s surface and due to this reason, a shift in the benchmark was not acknowledged.   The Birth of Plate Tectonics The rejection of Wegener's continental drift theory paved the way for the development of a more comprehensive and scientifically sound concept: It depends on the b...

Hai JAM Aspirant 👍 About This Blog      Welcome, future geologists! This blog is dedicated to helping you excel in the Joint Admission Test for Masters (JAM) in Geology. Here, you’ll find valuable resources to guide you through your preparation journey. Understanding JAM Geology      The JAM Geology exam is your gateway to prestigious postgraduate programs in geology at top institutes like IITs. Let’s dive into the essentials: Exam Pattern       The JAM Geology exam consists of multiple-choice questions (MCQs), multiple-select questions (MSQs), and numerical answer type (NAT) questions.   

The ocean’s trench of the deepest area of the earth This huge expanse that is more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is perhaps one of the most fascinating but least explored domain that is the ocean. Within this vast sea, there is a geological formation that can completed be termed as awe-inspiring and that is the Mariana trench. This immense underwater chasm which stands 1,500 miles long with depths that are approximately six and a half miles deep is living proof of forces that mould the Earth. Plunging into the Unknown The Mariana Trench is an eye opener as a testament of how big our world is and how strong it can be. Owing to the tectonic plate activity, this trench is the product of the Pacific plate underthrusting the Mariana plate; it’s the world’s deepest point in the oceans. This size can be named as truly immense, as even the highest peak in the entire world – Mount Everest – if placed in the trench, would be covered by water at least by one mile. Describing...

  Elephant Rock & Other Unforgettable Features Geology is the branch of earth sciences that involves the physical aspects and composition of the earth, which best portrays the amazing narratives contained in earth’s features. Starting from the massive mountain chains down to the lines and other delicate forms chiselled out on the surface of rocks it’s an incredible story told by the Earth’s crust. In this blog I would like to tell the story of Elephant Rock and many other stunning features that attract the attention of travelers, researchers, and lovers of the natural world. Elephant Rock: The Sandstone As A Majestic Piece Consider a gigantic monolithic rock with a stem-like division rising up in the air as if in a noble act. This is the Elephant Rock, a formation of rocks carved by nature and very famous all over the world; let me explain how you can also benefit from it. Place is situated in splendid area of San Francisco and Elephant Rock is actually one of the best exam...