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The Radiation Laws
The Radiation Laws The Earth atmosphere system is sustained by the supply of energy from the sun. solar radiation is the ultimate source of energy that results in the varied atmospheric condition experienced on Earth. To comprehend fully the role of solar energy in the function of atmosphere requires, actual understanding of the radiation laws . The following are the laws that governs the way in which the incoming solar radiation will react with the atmosphere as well as the surface of the Earth. The first law governs the relation between frequency, wave length and velocity. According to which the product of wave length and the frequency of the wave is a constant, which will be equal to speed of light. c = λ f Where λ is the wave length, f is the frequency, and c is the speed of light (3 X 1010 cm / S). This law indicates wave length (λ) increases frequency (f) decreases. That is short waver are characterized by high frequency and long...
Ocean Circulation
Ocean Circulation The ocean is constantly in motion, distributing water and heat to all corners of the globe. In effect, the ocean acts as a circulating machine that makes Earth’s climate equitable. Ocean currents follow well-defined courses. Why? Difference in heating leads to the different in surface temperature. This difference causes the movement of water boy (Ocean) that form the current. This method of heat transfer is called as Convection; hence it is sometimes mentioned as convectional currents. Just like that happens our kitchen while boiling water. How important it is? The ocean transports tremendous quantities of seawater, serving as a global conveyor belt over the planet. Abyssal storms stir the deep-ocean floor, shifting sediments on the seabed. El Niño currents generate unusual weather patterns throughout the world. Waves and tides are constantly changing and rearranging the shoreline. ...
Chemical properties of sea water & Residence time
Chemical properties of sea water & Residence time Chemical properties of sea water: The oceans cover an area of 361 x 106 km2, or 70.8% of the earth's surface. From the mean depth of 3800 m. the volume of the ocean waters can be calculated to be 1370 x 106 km3. At the surface the density of sea water of normal salinity at 0o C is 1.028, and it increases with depth because of the slight compressibility of water under increased pressure. Seawater thus comprises about 91% of the weight of the hydrosphere and its composition can therefore be taken without serious error as giving an average composition of the hydrosphere. The circulation of the waters in the hydrosphere provides a mechanism for geochemical changes through weathering and transport of dissolved and solid materials. About 68% of the land area is drained to the Atlantic Ocean but the constancy of ocean composition indicates that seawater mixing erases all (except local) variation in its chemical comp...
Physical properties of sea water
Physical properties of sea water Water makes up more than 96% of the total mass of seawater, so it is appropriate to begin with a short discussion of the properties of water itself. The weather and climate on Earth are in several ways controlled by the physical properties of water. Some of the important properties are, a. its expansion when freezing, b. its infrared absorption causes water vapor to be the most important greenhouse gas, c. its radiative properties cause water to be important in the radiation of heat away from Earth, d. Variations from place to place in its isotopic composition provide insights into several aspects of Earth science, e. The chemical property of water that is perhaps most important to the marine chemist is its high solvent power for polar substances and substances that form charged ions in solution etc., Physical properties of water: The boiling point of water is unusually high. This very hig...